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Classics: Ancient History - Source Reliability

PLUTARCH

WHO IS HE?

o Greek living in a Roman World (46 BC - 120 AD)
o Biographer NOT Historian
 - believed character was more important than accomplishments
o Pontifex (not that important)

CONTEXT OF WRITINGS?

o Wrote biographies of famous Greeks and Romans (compared Roman to Greek counterpart)
o Not a fan of the Julio-Claudian Emperors (bias)
o Removed from the action (theoretically objective)

PURPOSE OF WRITINGS?

o Evaluated personality opposed to historical achievements
o Based his comparison upon similar virtues & vices

WHAT WAS HIS ORIGINAL AUDIENCE?

o Educated Elite
 - aristocratic / optimate bias
 - known and admired by some Emperors

RELIABLE?

GREECE:
o Variety of source material

ROME:
o Access to various records (Senatorial / Imperial / Earlier Historians / Cicero's Letters)

o Easier to understand the complex nature of the Roman political system

GENERAL:
o Rounded portraits of the people he wrote about
o Theoretically objective - removed from events
o Acknowledged the multi-face nature of human characteristics

UNRELIABLE?

GREECE:
o Extreme Hellenistic outlook
 - No discussion of Persia or Persians
o Uses poetry & propaganda without analysis
o Writing extremely late

ROME:
o Aristocratic bias
o Portrait of Pompey at odds with other historians
o Blames Julius Caesar for the downfall of the Republic & accused him of having an agenda

GENERAL:
o Biography NOT History
 - anecdotal
 - focus on individual careers (empire | social / economic)
 - simple & mixed chronology at times
o Opinion over Fact

Specified Sources:
o Life of Lycurgus (6-9 |12-14 | 24-26 | 28)
o Life of Cicero (9-23)
o Life of Caesar (13-14)
o Life of Pompey (47)

Other Useful Sources:
~ to be added in at a later date ~

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