A2 - ROME
HOW FAR DO THE SOURCES SUPPORT THE VIEW THAT THE SENATE FAILED TO DEAL WITH THE CHALLENGES FACING THE ROMAN REPUBLIC?
WHAT TOPIC(S) DOES THIS QUESTION FALL UNDER?
o Challenges made by these individuals & factions to the authority of the Senate, and the various responses to emergencies
- changing distribution of power
- importance of individuals
- violence as a political tool
- growing importance of plebs & their demands
WHAT IS RELEVANT TO THAT TOPIC?
o Sulla & Caesar's dictatorship
- unprecedented power of Pompey & other militarians
o Social unrest within Rome
- increase of violence (especially in the 50s BC)
o Risk of Civil War
o Campaigns (against Spartacus, Pirates, etc.)
o Ambitons of Individuals and the threats they posed to the Senate (Sulla, Pompey, Caesar, etc.)
WHAT SOURCES HAVE I DECIDED TO USE AND WHY?
o in Catilinam, II, 18 (Cicero's Speeches) - novae tabulae (63 BC)
o Life of Sulla, 33 (Plutarch) - Sulla granted dictatorship (81 BC)
o Life of Sulla, 34 (Plutarch) - Sulla resigned dictatorship (81 BC)
o 'Build up to Civil War' (Appian) - Senate wanted to make Pompey dictator but Cato proposed sole-consulship instead (52 BC)
o Life of Caesar, 'Snippets' (Plutarch) - Caesar's dictatorship may give Rome respite from Civil War (46 BC)
o 'In 46 BC' (Cicero's Letters) - "We are his slaves but he is a slave of the times" (46 BC)
o Life of Lucullus, 'Snippets' (Plutarch) - Debt enforced by publicani
o Life of Crassus, 8 (Plutarch) -
WHAT DOES THE MARK SCHEME SAY?
Possible examples of challenges:
o Illegal / Unconstitutional Acts / Behaviour
- Pompey's special commands (70s BC)
- Pompey's consulship (70 BC)
- Caesar's consulship
- illegal consulship of Octavian
o Use of Violence / Military Force to gain Demands
- Lepidus
- Pompey (70s & 60s BC)
- Catiline's conspiracy
- use of veterans by Caesar
- Clodius' tribunate, etc. (50s)
- use of force & threats by Octavian & Antony
- Civil War
o Corruption & Bribery
- corruption of the courts (failures of attempts to reform)
- corruption in the provinces
- political alliances (1st & 2nd Triumvirate)
o Use of Popular Assemblies by Magistrates (Senators) for Personal Gain
- manipulation of the constitution by individuals (Pompey, Caesar, Crassus, Octavian, etc.)
o Challenge of Sulla's Dictatorship & Reforms
- senate's role in their success or failure
AO1:
o Dictatorship (Plutarch, Sulla 33)
o Summary of the problems caused by Sulla, Pompey etc. (Tacitus, Histories 2.38)
o Reforms (Appian, 1.100)
o Lepidus (Appian, 1.107)
o Pompey's letter to the senate 75 BC (Sallust, Histories 2.98)
o Consulship (Appian, 1.121)
o Courts (Cicero, Verres 1 37ff)
o Lex Gabinia (Plutarch, Pompey 25)
o Lex Manilia (Plutarch, Pompey 30)
o Rullus land bill (Cicero, de lege agraria 1.22ff)
o Senate's actions for the 63 BC Catilinarian conspiracy approved (Cicero | Sallust)
o Senate's problems with equites, Pompey, Crssus etc (Cicero's letters to Atticus 1..17/19)
- cf. (Dio Cassiius 38 12-13)
o Honours (Suetonius, the Deified Julius 76, 78-80)
o Octavian's view on the Sentate (Res Gestae)
o Cynical view on the Senate (Tacitus, Annals 1.1-2)
- other views on the Senate (Dio Cassius | Velleius Paterculus | Appian)
AO2:
Responses to the Question should:
o Develop the nature of the challenges & the effectiveness of the ways in which the senate dealt with them
o Deal with the extent to which the evidence supports the view in the question
o Present some attempt at evaluation of the sources in terms of the question
o Show some balance in the argument in order to get higher marks
- comparison & contradictions of information and / or evidence should be rewarded
Responses to the Question might:
o Consider that the senate did act effectively OR take an alternative view
- well-organised arguments supported by factual knowledge and / or evidence should be rewarded
WHAT COULD I HAVE DONE BETTER?
~ here's a link to my essay ~
General Feedbackn (for whole class) from my Teacher:
o More examples
o Too much on Pompey
- extraordinary commads NOT just pirates plus consulships
- pirates in ...
o Corruption / bribery in the senate / courts
o Dates
Personal Stats:
o Examples - 35
o Dates - 25
o Different Sources - 26
Self-Evaluation:
o Assess reliability more
o Collaborate / contrast evidence
o Ensure my argument is as clear as it can be - DON'T ramble
o Set out a structure for my essay before I begin
o DON'T use 'I'
o Use more sources from the end of the period (late 40s / 30s BC)
o Avoid 'particularly' and 'this is' and use a wider variety of conjunctions
o Use more individuals to demonstrate my point
HOW FAR DO THE SOURCES SUPPORT THE VIEW THAT THE SENATE FAILED TO DEAL WITH THE CHALLENGES FACING THE ROMAN REPUBLIC?
WHAT TOPIC(S) DOES THIS QUESTION FALL UNDER?
o Challenges made by these individuals & factions to the authority of the Senate, and the various responses to emergencies
- changing distribution of power
- importance of individuals
- violence as a political tool
- growing importance of plebs & their demands
WHAT IS RELEVANT TO THAT TOPIC?
o Sulla & Caesar's dictatorship
- unprecedented power of Pompey & other militarians
o Social unrest within Rome
- increase of violence (especially in the 50s BC)
o Risk of Civil War
o Campaigns (against Spartacus, Pirates, etc.)
o Ambitons of Individuals and the threats they posed to the Senate (Sulla, Pompey, Caesar, etc.)
WHAT SOURCES HAVE I DECIDED TO USE AND WHY?
o in Catilinam, II, 18 (Cicero's Speeches) - novae tabulae (63 BC)
o Life of Sulla, 33 (Plutarch) - Sulla granted dictatorship (81 BC)
o Life of Sulla, 34 (Plutarch) - Sulla resigned dictatorship (81 BC)
o 'Build up to Civil War' (Appian) - Senate wanted to make Pompey dictator but Cato proposed sole-consulship instead (52 BC)
o Life of Caesar, 'Snippets' (Plutarch) - Caesar's dictatorship may give Rome respite from Civil War (46 BC)
o 'In 46 BC' (Cicero's Letters) - "We are his slaves but he is a slave of the times" (46 BC)
o Life of Lucullus, 'Snippets' (Plutarch) - Debt enforced by publicani
o Life of Crassus, 8 (Plutarch) -
WHAT DOES THE MARK SCHEME SAY?
Possible examples of challenges:
o Illegal / Unconstitutional Acts / Behaviour
- Pompey's special commands (70s BC)
- Pompey's consulship (70 BC)
- Caesar's consulship
- illegal consulship of Octavian
o Use of Violence / Military Force to gain Demands
- Lepidus
- Pompey (70s & 60s BC)
- Catiline's conspiracy
- use of veterans by Caesar
- Clodius' tribunate, etc. (50s)
- use of force & threats by Octavian & Antony
- Civil War
o Corruption & Bribery
- corruption of the courts (failures of attempts to reform)
- corruption in the provinces
- political alliances (1st & 2nd Triumvirate)
o Use of Popular Assemblies by Magistrates (Senators) for Personal Gain
- manipulation of the constitution by individuals (Pompey, Caesar, Crassus, Octavian, etc.)
o Challenge of Sulla's Dictatorship & Reforms
- senate's role in their success or failure
AO1:
o Dictatorship (Plutarch, Sulla 33)
o Summary of the problems caused by Sulla, Pompey etc. (Tacitus, Histories 2.38)
o Reforms (Appian, 1.100)
o Lepidus (Appian, 1.107)
o Pompey's letter to the senate 75 BC (Sallust, Histories 2.98)
o Consulship (Appian, 1.121)
o Courts (Cicero, Verres 1 37ff)
o Lex Gabinia (Plutarch, Pompey 25)
o Lex Manilia (Plutarch, Pompey 30)
o Rullus land bill (Cicero, de lege agraria 1.22ff)
o Senate's actions for the 63 BC Catilinarian conspiracy approved (Cicero | Sallust)
o Senate's problems with equites, Pompey, Crssus etc (Cicero's letters to Atticus 1..17/19)
- cf. (Dio Cassiius 38 12-13)
o Honours (Suetonius, the Deified Julius 76, 78-80)
o Octavian's view on the Sentate (Res Gestae)
o Cynical view on the Senate (Tacitus, Annals 1.1-2)
- other views on the Senate (Dio Cassius | Velleius Paterculus | Appian)
AO2:
Responses to the Question should:
o Develop the nature of the challenges & the effectiveness of the ways in which the senate dealt with them
o Deal with the extent to which the evidence supports the view in the question
o Present some attempt at evaluation of the sources in terms of the question
o Show some balance in the argument in order to get higher marks
- comparison & contradictions of information and / or evidence should be rewarded
Responses to the Question might:
o Consider that the senate did act effectively OR take an alternative view
- well-organised arguments supported by factual knowledge and / or evidence should be rewarded
WHAT COULD I HAVE DONE BETTER?
~ here's a link to my essay ~
General Feedbackn (for whole class) from my Teacher:
o More examples
o Too much on Pompey
- extraordinary commads NOT just pirates plus consulships
- pirates in ...
o Corruption / bribery in the senate / courts
o Dates
Personal Stats:
o Examples - 35
o Dates - 25
o Different Sources - 26
Self-Evaluation:
o Assess reliability more
o Collaborate / contrast evidence
o Ensure my argument is as clear as it can be - DON'T ramble
o Set out a structure for my essay before I begin
o DON'T use 'I'
o Use more sources from the end of the period (late 40s / 30s BC)
o Avoid 'particularly' and 'this is' and use a wider variety of conjunctions
o Use more individuals to demonstrate my point
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